A paper has been published about migration of the Greater Spotted Eagles between Kazakhstan/Russia and the Middle East. The authors applied a GNSS satellite telemetry between 2019 and 2025 to track eight Greater Spotted Eagles that spent winter seasons in wetlands surrounding the head of the Arabian Gulf in Kuwait, Iraq and Iran. Seven individuals migrated approximately 3500 – 4000 km to breeding areas in the Kazakhstan/Russia border region east of the Caspian Sea, flying migration routes south of the Caspian Sea during both migration periods. Eagles used to spend those wintering areas across years and typically arrived to wintering regions in mid-October. Adults departed wintering areas earlier than immature birds, whereas differences in migration distance, duration and daily displacement between age classes were not statistically supported. Stopovers occurred during both migration periods and were concentrated primarily in wetland and riparian habitats.
McGrady, M.J., Al Sayed Omar, O., Al Hajji, R. et al. Migration and migratory connectivity of Greater Spotted Eagles (Clanga clanga) wintering at the head of the Arabian Gulf. J Ornithol (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-026-02422-4