Nr 12, 2009 - Polskie Towarzystwo Łąkarskie

Autor	Tytuł pracy	Pełny tekst
H. Czyż, T. Kitczak	Wpływ nawożenia mineralnego NPK na plon nasion Festulolium braunii Effect of mineral NPK fertilization on the seed yield of Festulolium braunii Abstract. The studies were carried out in years 2003–2007 in Agricultural Research Station Lipki near Stargard Szczeciński. The field experiment was consisted of 4-year tests, in split-plot configuration with 4 replications on 12 m² plots. Two factors were considered: I – P + K dose (kg ha^–1): 60 + 120 and 90 + 180; II – N dose (kg ha^–1): 0, 60, 90, 120. The results of study on yielding of seeds of Festulolium braunii show that a dose of phosphorus and potassium on level of P-60 and K-120 kg ha^–1 is enough, in turn a dose of nitrogen is necessary to upgrade to 120 kg ha^–1 (increase of 176.3% in comparison to object without fertilization).
W. Domaniecki, P. Goliński	Wpływ normy siewnej rośliny towarzyszącej na plonowanie uprawy nasiennej odmiany Areta Festuca rubra Effect of seed rate of companion crop on yielding of cv. Areta Festuca rubra grown for seeds Abstract. Field experiment were conducted in two series to investigate the effect of different seed rate of companion crop (spring barley sown at 50, 70, 90 and 110 kg ha^–1) on yielding of cv. Areta Festuca rubra grown for seed in conditions of two row spacings (15 and 30 cm) in the first year of utilization. The seeds were sown in spring at rate of 490 seeds m^–2. The experiment was established as a split-plot design on plots of 25 m² in four repetitions. The following parameters were analysed: seed yields (collecting seeds with a plot combine harvester from the area of 16 m²), formation of generative shoots, yield structure, seed quality (according to ISTA). It was found that the increase of seed rate of spring barley from 50 to 110 kg ha^–1 has negative influence on seed yield of red fescue in the first year of utilization.
J. Fatyga, L. Nadolna	Znaczenie niskoprodukcyjnych użytków zielonychw Sudetach na tle programów zalesieniowych Significance of low-production Sudetes grasslands against background afforestation programmes Abstract. The study presents the area and distribution of low-production grasslands excluded from afforestation programmes that represent habitats of the highest biodiversity. Their conservation was based on the EU Regulation of 2007 and criteria specified in the act on afforestation of farmlands. As it appeared, in Poland grasslands on 3z, 1z and 2z category soil located on areas over 15% inclination fulfill the criteria. In the Sudetes the total area of this category amounts to 38 783 ha. Natural characteristics and of these areas have been prepared together with the specification of their significance and role in conservation of mountain habitats biodiversity and taking into account their agricultural use.
B. Golińska	Badania nad siłą wiązania ziarniaków w kłoskach Lolium multiflorum Investigations on seed retention strength in spikelets of Lolium multiflorum Abstract. Investigations were carried out in 2008–2009 to assess the seed retention strength in spikelets of various Lolium multiflorum genotypes depending on their growth stages. The cultivars (Turtetra and Mitos), breeding strains (SZD 1021, SZD 1022, SZD 1023, SZD 216 and SZD 228) and ecotypes were used. With the aid of a special testing machine, retention strength of successive flowers/kernels in spikelets as well as strength required to rachilla breaking of selected spikelets were determined. It was found that the examined Lolium multiflorum genotypes were characterised by specificity regarding seed retention strength in spikelets. This biological feature was smaller for top flowers/kernels and increased with the movement down the spikelet. It was found that in the examined genotypes of Italian ryegrass the seed retention strength in spikelets in the analysed consecutive growth stages was smallest in spikelets situated in the upper part of the inflorescence and the highest in the lower part.
P. Goliński	Badania wytrzymałości na zerwanie materiału roślinnego z wykorzystaniem nowoczesnego stanowiska pomiarowego Investigations on tensile strength of plant material using a modernmeasuring stand Abstract. Investigations were carried out in years 2008–2009 on plant material obtained from two cultivar testing experiments in Brody. Leaf blades were collected randomly in 30 replications at the stage of pasture maturity from each plot. Simultaneously, biometric studies were performed involving the determination of the leaf weight as well as the width of leaf blades. Tensile strength of rachilla was assessed using inflorescences of various grass genotypes of the Lolium-Festuca complex derived from experiments in Brody and in Szelejewo in the first year of their utilisation. A prototype measuring stand was used to carry out experiments on the tensile strength of leaf blades as well as rachillae of different grass genotypes. It was found that in tensile strength investigations of plant material such as the employed in these studies leaf blades and rachillae as well as seed retention strength in spikelet of various grass genotypes, it is feasible to use a modern measuring stand whose main element was a test machine operating in the range from 30 N to 300 mN on the basis of subassemblies of the HBM Company.
B. Grygierzec	Wpływ nawożenia azotem oraz naświetlania na wielkość plonu nasion czterech gazonowych odmian Poa pratensis The effect of nitrogen fertilization and irradiation on seed yield of four lawn cultivars of Poa pratensis Abstract. The research aimed at determining the effect of pre-sowing stimulation of four Poa pratensis lawn cultivars with a laser diode and diversified nitrogen fertilization on seed yield. Moreover assessed were the number of plants per 1 m², the length and width of panicles and effectiveness of seed settling in spikelets. In seed plantations of Poa pratensis, nitrogen fertilization applied in the quantity of 120 kg N ha^–1 in two equal doses in early spring and in autumn, and 3 × 30 s irradiation with laser diode increased the number of generative shoots by 58–95%, effectiveness of seed settling in spikelets by 22–34% and width and length of panicles almost twice. The highest seed yields were obtained after 3 × 30 s pre-sowing irradiation of kernels combined with nitrogen fertilization dosed 120 kg N ha^–1, divided into 60 and 60 kg N ha^–1 for Bila and Conni and 90 and 30 kg N ha^–1 for Alicja and Limousine.
M. Kasperczyk, J. Majcher-Łoś, P. Kacorzyk	Struktura plonu łąki górskiej The structure of yield on mountain meadow Abstract. The paper is, on the one hand, the result of literature review of works written by Józef Paczoski as well as the publication whose aim was to bring the personality of the founder of phytosociology closer to university societies but also of numerous discussions and contemplations enriched with direct contacts with nature, plant associations. The principal objective of the publication is to show this scholar as the founder of phytosociology which is currently experiencing its renaissance.
S. Kozłowski, A. Swędrzyński	Profesor Józef Paczoski – twórca fitosocjologii Professor Józef Paczoski – creator of phytosociology Abstract. The paper is, on the one hand, the result of literature review of works written by Józef Paczoski as well as the publication whose aim was to bring the personality of the founder of phytosociology closer to university societies but also of numerous discussions and contemplations enriched with direct contacts with nature, plant associations. The principal objective of the publication is to show this scholar as the founder of phytosociology which is currently experiencing its renaissance.
S. Kozłowski, A. Swędrzyński, T. Wyłupek, R. Woźniak	Właściwości morfologiczne storczyków i ich występowanie w zbiorowiskach łąkowych Morphological properties of orchids and their occurrence in meadowcommunities Abstract. Problems of threats and protection of orchids are of global dimensions and are by no means confined only to Europe or Poland. In our country, problems associated with meadow orchids were first noticed almost 40 years ago. Threats to the existence of orchids in meadow communities and fears of complete loss of their taxons cause that investigations and observations are carried out whenever their presence is discovered. The object of our studies included seven orchid species discovered in three geographical regions of Poland differing with regard to the level and character of farming economy: on Wielkopolska Lowland, Lubelska Upland and Łódzka Upland. The performed investigations involved: the determination of the number of flowering individuals in meadow communities, characterisation of morphology of flowering shoots and recognition of site conditions in which the plants occurred.
A. Kryszak	Trudności z fitosocjologiczną klasyfikacją zbiorowisk łąkowych Difficulties with phytosociological classification of meadow communities Abstract. The development of meadow communities depends on mutual interactions between site and anthropogenic factors. Any change of these factors results in a disturbance of community stability, disruption of the structure and organisation of phytocenoses (as evidenced by changes in floristic composition) and disappearance of syntaxon specific characters. The above processes can hinder community determination and their classification to a phytosociological system. In addition, mistakes sometimes made both during the phase of field investigations (in the process of taking phytosociological surveys) as well as during the process of tabulation, may make proper determination of a community identity harder. The presented paper constitutes an attempt at analysing difficulties associated with the assignment to a given phytosociological system of anthropogenic communities, in particular meadow communities.
J. Niemann, A. Wojciechowski, C. Świtoniak	Badania nad apomiksją u wybranych odmian i rodów hodowlanych Poa pratensis Studies on apomixis in choosen cultivars and breeding strainsof Poa pratensis Abstract. The objective of this research project were the investigations of apomixis in choosen cultivars and strains of Poa pratensis. The following three Polish cultivars: Alicja, Ani, Nandu as well as three breeding strains: PN/15/R, PN/60/R and PN/162/R were investigated by embryological methods to reveal the reproduction pathway in glasshouse and field conditions. Especially, macrosporogenesis, embryo development and seed formation were analysed. Under over mentioned conditions, also the seeds set after self – and open pollination as well as pollen grain viability were investigated. The obtained data showed that four genotypes i.e. Alicja, Ani, Nandu and PN/60/R seems to be facultative apomicts and two strains (PN/15/R and PN/162/R) have formed seeds only on the apomictic way.
J. Pławska-Olejniczak, A. Żywiczka	Wpływ wypasu Koników Polskich i Szkockiego Bydła Górskiego na florę naczyniową ekstensywnie użytkowanych Łąk Skoszewskich The effect of Polish Koniks and Scottish Highland Cattle grazingon the vascular flora of extensively used Skoszewskie Meadows Abstract. The results of research of the effect of four years extensive grazing of the Polish Koniks, Scottish Highland Cattle on the floristic changes are presented. Grazing increased the number of vascular plant species, especially on areas grazed by cattle, nevertheless it does not improved the biodiversity. On pastures for horse decrease of natural value was observed while on those utilized by cattle there were no such significant changes. Negative relationship was found between natural and utility value. In respect of changes of some ecological indicator values, on both sites the share of plant species with full light index increased. Scottish Highland Cattle effect positively on percentage of plants from aquatic and wet sites. The species that indicate a higher eutrophication degree of biotope occurred more abundantly on cattle pastures. In respect of life-forms, the species of the group of hemicryptophytes prevailed in all locations.
A. Sabiniarz, S. Kozłowski	Łąki Czerskie w aspekcie krajobrazowym Landscape aspects of Czersk Meadows Abstract. The fodder function of permanent meadows has been known and appreciated for years. Non-fodder functions, especially with reference to the sphere of ecology. Landscape function, as a domain of knowledge, is a relatively new field of science. The landscape aspect of each meadow complex, regardless of its size and physiography, is worth studying and analysing. The extensive complex of Czersk Meadows has already been well recognised as regard to its floristic composition, ecology as well as fodder and even historical values. This paper has focused on the landscape aspect of this complex.
A. Sabiniarz, S. Kozłowski	Łąki Czerskie w aspekcie paszowym Forage aspects of Czersk Meadows Abstract. For many years, permanent meadows have been treated as pastures because they provided a very valuable source of forages for direct grazing by graminivorous animals as well as a source of raw material for the production of hay and, less frequently, silages. With the passage of time, also other functions of permanent meadows, such as environmental, ecological and landscape began to gain importance. At the present time, all the above mentioned functions are treated as equally important and mutually complementary. However, it is possible to notice that the opinion that the role which permanent meadows fulfil with regard to the natural environment is more important than their forage function is slowly gaining the upper hand. Such approach, in turn, leads to a strong belief about the necessity to preserve meadows even at the expense of their yields. That is why both large meadow complexes as well as objects of smaller size are subjected to multifaceted evaluation. Such comprehensive assessment was carried out on a very extensive meadow complex covering the area of approximately 2000 ha situated in the neighbourhood of Czersk. This study discusses the forage function of this complex. The content of the most important, from the nutritional point of view, organic and mineral constituents was adopted as assessment criterion.
D. Sienkiewicz-Paderewska, P. Stypiński	Trwałe użytki zielone w polskich parkach krajobrazowych. Cz. I. Stan i zagrożenia Permanent grasslands in the Polish landscape parks. Part I. The state and the threats Abstract. Both identification and elimination of the factors that could be danger for grassland ecosystems are the most important tasks concerning maintenance and protection of grassland biodiversity. On the base of the studies carried out in the year of 2005 and questionnaires that have been sent to all landscape Parks in Poland was possible to find out how is the area of permanent grasslands located in the Polish landscape parks and list the most harmful factors for grasslands. It was found that the approximate area of the permanent grasslands placed in the Polish landscape parks amounts 513.000 ha. The most dangerous for those ecosystems are: cessation of utilisation, changes in the soil water regime, grasslands conversion into arable land, afforestation, infrastructure, urbanization and tourist building. Also legislation problems seems to be important for semi-natural ecosystems.
D. Sienkiewicz-Paderewska, P. Stypiński	Trwałe użytki zielone w polskich parkach krajobrazowych. Cz. II. Ochrona Permanent grasslands in the Polish landscape parks. Part II. The protection Abstract. The purpose of the study was to find out whether permanent grasslands located in the Polish landscape parks are under protection or not and, if yes, what kind of protection is successful. The permanent grasslands in Poland are usually semi-natural, man-influenced ecosystems, which show high biodiversity very often. They are threatened by degradation and synanthropisation processes. At present there are 120 landscape parks in Poland that cover 2.6 million ha. But we have nearly no data about the grasslands that are placed within their borders. Based on the questionnaires carried out in the year of 2005 that have been sent to all landscape parks in Poland was possible to find out that the protection methods which are used in the parks are not appropriate for the semi-natural ecosystems.
M. Szczepanek	*Wpływ ilości wysiewu i rozstawu rzędów na plonowanie Phleum pratense* uprawianej na nasiona** Influence of seeding rate and row spacing on yieldingof Phleum pratense grown for seed Abstract. The aim of this study was to estimate optimal agrotechnological parameters: seeding rate and row spacing for timothy grown for seeds. In was indicated that sowing 2.1 kg ha^–1, at field emergence index 26.3% and plant density after emergence 105 plants m^–2, is sufficient. Increase in seeding rate up to 6.3 kg ha^–1 doubles plant density after emergence, but does not have an effect on the number of generative shoots or seed yield in years of utilization. Using of a row spacing of 24 cm has a positive impact on generative shoot density and seed yield in the first production year.
J. Szydłowska	Kształtowanie się typów florystycznych, ich wartości użytkowej i walorów przyrodniczych na wybranych łąkach śródleśnych w zależności od warunków wilgotnościowych siedliska Development of floristic types, their utility and natural value on selected forest meadows depending on moisture of habitat Abstract. The studies were carried out in 2008 year on three selected forest grasslands surrounded by mixed forest, which were situated on the north of Kłodawa (Lubuskie Province). To assess water conditions of habitats was used phytoindication Klapp’s method modified by Oświt, (1992) and was measured level of ground water under each floristic type. The utility value of the sward was established on basis of the utility value numbers (LWU) – Filipek (1973), and natural value was evaluated using the valorization numbers (Oświt, 2000). On investigated forest meadows there were obtained various moisture of habitats and them consist of many (from 3 to 8) floristic types. There were described 5 different moisture habitats, from swampy to dry, covered by types of plant communities with domination of: Carex riparia, Phalaris arundinacea, Alopecurus pratensis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca rubra, Festuca ovina, Holcus lanatus, Rumex acetosa.
Cz. Trąba	Fitosocjologia w łąkarstwie dziś i w przyszłości Phytosociology in grassland science today and in the future Abstract. Problems of the contemporary phytosociology, including the meadow applied phytosociology, are presented in the paper. It presents a review of the most essential publications from various regions of Poland on the diversity of meadow communities, causes of disturbances in their species composition, and phytosociological classification. A particular attention was paid to the changes that occurred in Poland in the phytosociological system of meadow communities of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class, as well as in the neighbouring Phragmitetea thickle communities, short sedge Caricetea nigrae oraz Nardo-Callunetea swards. The paper speculates on the future phytosociology development in grassland science.
T. Wójtowicz, A. Binek, M. Moś	*Correlations and path analysis of the components of Festuca pratensis* seed yield** Korelacje i analiza ścieżek komponentów plonu nasion Festuca pratensis Abstract. Seed yield and yield components were investigated using single meadow fescue plants (Festuca pratensis Huds.) grown in widely spaced rows. Plants of four cultivars (Cykada, Skawa, Skiba and Skra), entered into the EU catalogue, made the representative sample. On the basis of observations and measurements of 20 plants from two harvest dates and three vegetation seasons, the number of days till heading, number of panicles, seed weight per panicle, degree of panicle axis maturity, weight of fallen seeds, the shedding being induced under laboratory conditions, and gross seed yield. For these traits mean values, coefficients of variation, simple correlation coefficients and Wright’s path coefficients were calculated. Over the period of the three-year experiments the greatest variation was found for seed weight per panicle, seed yield per plant and number of panicles, especially in the first harvest year. From among the investigated traits, seed yield per plant was most correlated with the number of panicles per plant (r = 0.480 to r = 0.829) and seed weight per panicle (r = 0.336* to r = 0.820). As the number of panicles per plant increased, the weight of fallen seeds increased as well (r = 0.432 to r = 0.620**). The path analysis confirmed the finding that the number of panicles per plant, increasing in successive years, determined the seed yield by 12–23%, 40–46% and 63–74% respectively. The greatest direct effects of the number of panicles and seed weight per panicle on seed yield were observed in the second harvest year.
J. Zarzycki	Metodyczne i techniczne innowacje w badaniach fitosocjologicznych Methodological and technical innovation in phytosociological research Abstract. Wykorzystanie metod numerycznych jest coraz powszechniejsze w badaniach nad roślinnością. Duża liczba zdjęć fitosocjologicznych niezbędna jest dla właściwego scharakteryzowania zbiorowisk roślinności łąkowej i powiązanych z nimi czynników siedliskowych. Gromadzenie i klasyfikowanie takich danych ułatwiają obecnie programy komputerowe. W pracy dokonano ogólnego przeglądu metod statystycznych i wykorzystujących je programów stosowanych do gromadzenia, klasyfikacji i porządkowania zdjęć fitosocjologicznych. Zaprezentowano także na wybranych przykładach możliwości wykorzystania najczęściej stosowanego oprogramowania.
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